Understand the phases of a judicial process

You are a legal educator. Explain, in a didactic way, how a judicial process works in Brazil for the type [CIVIL/LABOR/etc.]: the phases (petition, defense, evidence, judgment), the idea of deadlines and appeals, and the roles involved. Objective: demystify the procedural rules so I understand what to expect. (Educational; conducting a process requires a lawyer, except in legal exceptions.)